Intellectual Ventures v. Motorola: Use = Benefit for the Purposes of System Claims Infringement

Suzanne Alton de ErasoBy Suzanne Alton de Eraso on Posted in Patent

On Sept. 13, 2017, the United States District Court for the Federal Circuit clarified the meaning of the term “use” as it applies to system claims in patent infringement actions. In doing so, the court held that an infringer must benefit from all elements of a system claim in order to infringe, reversing and remanding a finding of infringement.

Intellectual Ventures sued Motorola in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware for infringement of various claims of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,810,144 and 7,120,462. The ’144 patent (“File Transfer System for Direct Transfer Between Computers”) relates to the process of transferring computer files electronically from one computer to another, with claim limitations directed to a “communications device” capable of transmitting to an “authenticating device” and with the said authenticating device “configured to generate a delivery report that indicates a delivery event and a time of the delivery event.”

Motorola allegedly directly infringed this claim through customers’ use of the accused system to send text-plus-photo messages using multimedia messaging service centers (MMSCs). However, Motorola argued that Intellectual Ventures could not show Motorola’s directly infringing “use” of the “authenticating device configured to … generate a delivery report.” Continue Reading

A Cautionary Tale: IPR Petition Denied Based on Third-Party Submission

David FarsiouBy David Farsiou on Posted in Patent

In Cultec, Inc. v. StormTech LLC, IPR2017-00777, Paper 7 (Aug. 22, 2017), the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (Board) denied an inter partes review because the same or substantially the same prior art or arguments were said to have been previously presented to the Patent Office during ex parte prosecution of the challenged patent by way of a third-party submission under 37 C.F.R.  § 1.290.[1] In addition to other disadvantages associated with third-party submissions, such as providing the patent applicant an opportunity to address the submitted art in an ex parte context, would-be petitioners also need to consider that such a submission could foreclose a future inter partes review. The Cultec decision (Decision) also highlights the unpredictability of any particular panel in exercising its discretion under 35 U.S.C. § 325(d) to deny a petition.[2]

In this case, the petitioner challenged claims 1-20 of U.S. Patent No. 9,255,394 (the ’394 patent) as obvious over primary reference Cobb in view of secondary references Fouss and/or Ellis (Decision at 7). The third-party submission was filed in the application that matured into the ’394 patent and presented Cobb for consideration by the examiner.[3] The submission stated that Cobb was cited in related U.S. patent application No. 14/175,477 (the ’477 application) in an office action dated Sept. 17, 2015, and that the statement of relevance presented in the office action “is adopted for this submission” (id. at 8-9, citing the third-party submission). The ’477 application matured into U.S. Patent No. 9,556,576 (the ’576 patent), and the ’576 patent and the ’394 patent and their underlying applications were said to disclose the same subject matter, as both applications were continuations of the same parent application and claimed priority to the same provisional application (id. at 9). Because the examiner of the ’477 application was also the examiner of the ’394 patent, the Board concluded that “the Examiner was well-aware of the Cobb reference and its specific disclosure” (id. at 9-10).  Continue Reading

Federal Circuit’s Concern Regarding PTAB ‘Panel-Stacking’ – Back To The Future?

Bill SmithBy Bill Smith on Posted in Patent

In Nidec Motor Corp. v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Co., 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 15923, Circuit Judge Dyk, in a concurring opinion joined by Circuit Judge Wallace, questioned “whether the practice of expanding panels where the PTO is dissatisfied with a panel’s earlier decision is the appropriate mechanism of achieving the PTO’s desire for uniformity.” Id. concurring slip op. at 4. This question arose in view of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) convening an expanded panel to consider Broad Ocean’s request for rehearing in the underlying inter partes review regarding the original three-Administrative Patent Judge panel decision to deny joinder under 35 U.S.C. § 315(b), (c). The newly expanded panel set aside the original panel’s decision and permitted joinder.

The enlargement of a PTAB panel upon rehearing raises two questions. Is the PTAB authorized to expand an original panel after it issues its decision? And does such an expansion of the panel after it issues its decision raise due process issues? Both of these questions were in front of the Federal Circuit in In re Alappat, 33 F.3d 1526 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (en banc), overruled on other grounds by In re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943 (Fed. Cir. 2008).  Continue Reading

Visual Memory v. NVIDIA: The Importance of a Robust Written Description

Michael SteinBy Michael Stein on Posted in Patent

Introduction

In Visual Memory v. NVIDIA (Fed. Cir. 2017), the Federal Circuit reversed the district court’s holding that Visual Memory’s U.S. Patent No. 5,953,740 is drawn to patent-ineligible subject matter. Instead, the court ruled that the ’740 patent claims an improvement to computer memory systems and is not directed to an abstract idea.

The ’740 Patent

At a high level, the ’740 patent describes a computer memory system that can be connected to different kinds of processors. The memory system has “programmable operational characteristics” based on characteristics of the processor; it includes several caches and a main memory (DRAM) connected to a bus. One cache can be programmed to store only code data, and another cache can be programmed to buffer data writes to the main memory only from the processor. The main memory can be programmed to selectively reopen either code or non-code data pages. (See ’740 patent abstract.) Figure 1 of the patent is copied below.

As shown in Figure 1, the memory system 10 includes a system memory (DRAM) 12, an internal cache 16, a pre-fetch cache 18 and a write buffer cache 20, each connected to bus 14. Access to DRAM 12 is controlled by DRAM controller 22. The data stored in system memory 12 can be divided into code data (instructions) and non-code data. The memory system 10 is designed for use with a host processor in combination with other bus masters or devices that compete with the host processor for access to the memory system 10. (See ’740 patent col. 3 lines 34-50.) Continue Reading

Federal Circuit Suggests Solution to Patent Owner’s Dilemma When Applicant for Biosimilar Product Refuses Discovery

Allen SokalBy Allen Sokal on Posted in Uncategorized

In Amgen, Inc. v. Hospira, Inc., Appeal No. 2016-2179 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 10, 2017), the Federal Circuit suggested what an owner of a reference product suing an applicant for a biosimilar under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA) must do when the applicant refuses discovery that the patent owner needs to determine whether it has a good faith basis for suit. Neither the collateral order doctrine nor mandamus provides the solution.

Under the BPCIA, an applicant for a biosimilar product can piggyback on a reference biological product that FDA has approved by showing that “there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product in terms of … safety, purity, and potency.” Slip op. at 3 n.1 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 262(l)(2)(A)-(B)). Under the head-spinning statutory patent dance addressed by the Supreme Court in Sandoz, Inc. v. Amgen, Inc., 137 S. Ct. 1664 (2017), the applicant must, inter alia, provide the patent owner (the sponsor of the reference product) a copy of the application “and such other information that describes the process or processes used to manufacture the biological product that is the subject of such application.” Slip op. at 3 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 262(l)(2)(A)). Based on that information, the parties identify patents to be immediately litigated in a first phase of the litigation under paragraph (l)(3). Id.

Continue Reading

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Merus N.V.: The Federal Circuit Revisits the Defense of Inequitable Conduct

Samuel McMahonBy Samuel McMahon on Posted in Uncategorized

In Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Merus N.V., No. 2016-1346, slip op. (Fed. Cir. July 27, 2017) (hereafter, “Slip Op.”), the Federal Circuit seems to have loosened the standards for finding a patentee culpable of inequitable conduct during patent prosecution. By affirming the district court’s finding of inequitable conduct, the court in Regeneron condones the use of circumstantial evidence arising during litigation to infer that the patentee had specific intent to deceive the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) during prosecution. The opinion was authored by Chief Judge Prost and joined by Judge Wallach. Judge Newman dissented.

Inequitable Conduct

“Inequitable conduct is an equitable defense to patent infringement that, if proved, bars enforcement of a patent.” Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 649 F.3d 1276, 1285 (Fed. Cir. 2011). To show that an applicant engaged in inequitable conduct before the PTO, a party must show by clear and convincing evidence that “the applicant misrepresented or omitted material information with the specific intent to deceive the PTO.” Id. at 1287. This analysis requires a showing of both materiality of the misrepresentation and intent to deceive. Id. The defense is most often wielded as an assertion by the accused infringer that the patent applicant knowingly withheld a material prior art reference from the PTO during prosecution. Continue Reading

USPTO Report on Patent Eligible Subject Matter

Michael SteinBy Michael Stein on Posted in Patent

 

On July 25, the USPTO published a new report titled “Patent Eligible Subject Matter: Report on Views and Recommendations From the Public.” The report attempts to synthesize public comments on the appropriate boundaries of patent eligible subject matter.

The report includes a section reviewing the historical development of patent subject matter eligibility in the U.S. This section includes a discussion of the Supreme Court’s Bilski, Mayo, Myriad and Alice decisions, as well as the Federal Circuit’s application of the Supreme Court’s framework. Continue Reading

The Federal Circuit Reverses a Hindsight Reconstruction of An Important Pharmaceutical Invention

Allen SokalStephanie LodiseLaura GordonBy Allen Sokal, Stephanie Lodise and Laura Gordon on Posted in Patent

In Millennium Pharmaceuticals v. Sandoz,[1] the Federal Circuit reversed the district court’s holding of obviousness of certain claims of Millennium-owned U.S. Patent No. 6,713,446 (the ‘446 patent), finding that the district court improperly applied the lead compound analysis and the inherency doctrine and clearly erred by rejecting objective indicia of non-obviousness.

The disputed claims of the ‘446 patent[2] are directed to Velcade®, a freeze-dried (lyophilized) formulation of D-mannitol N-(2-pyrazine) carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate (I) and methods of its preparation and reconstitution. Velcade is Millennium’s oncology product prescribed for multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Compound (I) is a mannitol ester of bortezomib. The portion of the molecule depicted in red below identifies the ester linkage between bortezomib and the mannitol sugar. Continue Reading

“All Expenses Paid” Is No Trip to the E.D. Va. for Patent and Trademark Applicants

By BakerHostetler on Posted in Patent, USPTO Litigation

Authored by: Kristie Butler, Summer Associate

On June 23, 2017, the Federal Circuit confirmed in Nantkwest, Inc. v. Matal (No. 2016-1794) that patent applicants facing rejection from the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) may seek relief in the Eastern District of Virginia under 35 U.S.C. §145, but ruled that these litigants must pay the USPTO’s attorneys’ fees, regardless of their cases’ outcomes. Section 145 provides that “[a]n applicant dissatisfied with the decision of the [PTAB]…may, unless appeal has been taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, have remedy by civil action against the Director in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.… All the expenses of the proceedings shall be paid by the applicant.”

In Nantkwest, the applicant argued that the presumption against an award of attorneys’ fees under the “American Rule” (i.e., each party pays its own costs) could only be overcome if an express provision in either a statute or contract were present, and the “all expenses” provision in § 145 did not include attorneys’ fees. The appellant further argued that Congress would have specified attorneys’ fees in the statute if they were meant to be included. The Federal Circuit was not persuaded that the American Rule applied and disagreed with the applicant’s interpretation after analyzing prior cases, definitions from legal dictionaries and treatises, and Supreme Court precedent, and interpreted the “all expenses” provision of the statute broadly to include attorneys’ fees. And because “all expenses” had already been interpreted by the Federal Circuit to apply to all cases, regardless of their outcomes, the USPTO’s attorneys’ fees must be borne by the applicant, regardless of whether the applicant prevails in the civil action. Continue Reading

The Supreme Court Delivers a Win for Biosimilar Manufacturers in Sandoz v. Amgen

Laura GordonBy Laura Gordon on Posted in Biosimilars

On June 12, 2017, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous opinion in Sandoz v. Amgen, interpreting key provisions of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA) in favor of biosimilar manufacturers (applicants).[1] In particular, the Court held that (1) a federal injunction is not available to compel biosimilar applicants to disclose application and manufacturing information as contemplated by the BPCIA, and (2) biosimilar applicants may provide statutory 180-day notice of commercial marketing after or before receiving FDA approval.

The BPCIA “patent dance”

The BPCIA was approved by Congress in 2010 for the purpose of creating an abbreviated approval pathway for biosimilars, or follow-on biologics. In contrast to conventional chemically synthesized drugs, biologics are isolated from natural sources such as animals or microorganisms and may include such diverse products as vaccines, recombinant proteins or somatic cells.[2] Biosimilar manufacturers may take advantage of the BPCIA’s abbreviated approval pathway to piggyback on the safety, purity and potency showings of a previously licensed reference product. In exchange, the BPCIA allows for up to 12 years of regulatory exclusivity for the reference product after the date the product was first licensed, regardless of whether there is patent protection.  Continue Reading

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